Definition and Examples of Textspeak

Textspeak is an informal term for the abbreviated language used in text messaging  and other forms of electronic communication. The term textspeak was coined by linguist David Crystal in Language and the Internet (2001). Crystal argues that texting is one of the most innovative linguistic phenomena of modern times (Txtng: the Gr8 Db8, 2008).  Not everyone shares his enthusiasm. Examples and Observations [I]n 2003 a story was widely circulated that a teenager had written an essay entirely in textspeak, which her teacher was totally unable to understand. As no one was ever able to track down the entire essay, it may well have been a hoax . . .. The reported extract began like this: My smmr hols wr CWOT. B4, we used 2go2 NY 2C my bro, his GF thr 3 :- kids FTF. ILNY, its a gr8 plc. And it was translated like this: My summer holidays were a complete waste of time. Before, we used to go to New York to see my brother, his girlfriend and their three screaming kids face to face. I love New York. Its a great place. If Id been the teacher, I would have given the student 10 out of 10 for her linguistic ingenuity, and 0 out of 10 for her sense of appropriateness (or alternatively, 10 out of 10 for cheek). . . .[I]t is worth noting that the sentences use (informal) standard English grammar. The second sentence is really quite complex, with its careful use of tense forms, coordination, and word o rder. -(David Crystal, Txtng: the Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press, 2008)Instant messaging and texting condense language to its lowest common denominator; these forms misuse grammar, sentence structure, and punctuation for the sake of brevity.But this is still communication. We need to understand textspeak in all kinds of situations, because it is one of the languages our students use daily. -(Judy Green, How Bullets Saved My Life: Fun Ways to Teach Some Serious Writing Skills. Pembroke, 2010)I wish you wd tell me how u.r. when u. write. -(Thomas Hardy, letter to Mary Hardy, 1862; quoted by Michael Millgate in  Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited. Oxford University Press, 2004) Cons and Pros Some observers are decrying textspeak as a product of modern-day inertia and laziness-inducing technologies. Helprin ([Digital Barbarism,] 2009), for instance, cautions that such forms of communication, and the internet generally, produce an addictive effect on how people process information, rendering them much less pensive and less inclined to appreciate artistic and literary greatness. Others respond that textspeak is no more than an efficient way to create written messages for informal communication. People use textspeak, not to generate thoughtfulness and literary communication, but to keep in contact and to facilitate communication. In no way does this imply that people have lost the desire to read and reflect upon the world. -(Marcel Danesi,   Language, Society, and New Media: Sociolinguistics Today. Routledge, 2016) Textspeak Baby Names Yes, were all getting stupider, or at least some of us are. This is the clear message behind the story of text-speak baby names appearing on birth certificates. Britons have become so addicted to abbreviation, it is claimed, that names such as Anne, Connor and Laura have been rendered An, Conna and Lora. Six baby boys have been christened Camron rather than Cameron. There are, apparently, several Samiuls on the list. The online parenting club Bounty lists a Flicity. Given the unstoppable rise of text language, says the Daily Mail, it was only a matter of time before childrens names went the way of traditional English. -(Tim Dowling, Is Text Speak Really Shaping Baby Names? The Guardian, April 1, 2008) Textspeak in a Business Setting Write Like youre Texting!Apologies--I should have written, Wrt lk yr txting! The proliferation of texting has created a brave new world of incompetence. Does textspeak get the point across? Almost always. Does textspeak in a business setting make the writer look like a semi-literate 12-year old? You betcha! -(Jeff Havens, How to Get Fired!: The New Employees Guide to Perpetual Unemployment, 2010) The Lighter Side of Textspeak Youre saying LOL. Youre verbal texting. . . . If you’re going to ‘laugh out loud,’ why aren’t you laughing out loud? Why say it? Why not just laugh? -(Larry David, Palestinian Chicken. Curb Your Enthusiasm, 2011) Alternate Spellings: text speak, text-speak

The Prevalence Of Ischemic Heart Disease - 2172 Words

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(2015) provide a 2015 update to The American Heart Association’s Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care recommending that Targeted Temperature Management (TTM) between 32 °C and 36 °C be initiated and maintained for at least 24 hours in all comatose adult patients following restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest (p. S343). CINHAL, PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched between October and November 2016, to identify studies involving the implementation of therapeutic hypothermia following ROSC after cardiac arrest. Search terms for CINHAL included therapeutic hypothermia AND cardiac arrest ANDShow MoreRelatedRisk Factors for Stroke in Young Adults1635 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion Americans over the age of 20 and representing 3% of the population (Rogers et al. e68). 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Australian Tax And Transfer System

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Tax And Transfer System. Answer: Introduction: There is Federal Government in Australia. Hence, all matters related to taxes and transfers are handled by different levels of the government. All the national, state and local levels of the government are linked with each other and considered as a single tax transfer system that has several components. An Australian citizen needs to contact with the Australian tax-transfer system, the state tax-transfer system and also the one at the local level to get his work done. Also, any business in Australia needs to interact with the government at multiple levels of the different states and local governments, along with the national tax-transfer system. It has been seen that the national Australian tax transfer system works with four elements of tax- personal income tax, taxes levied on goods and services, transfers like cash payments and superannuation. Whereas on the state level we can see that the tax transfer system is more restricted and contains property and indirect taxes. The tax transfer system has its effect on both businesses and individuals residing in Australia. There are a number of taxes present in Australia presently at the national, state and local levels of the government. The tax-transfer system of Australia is present at all levels of the government and the entire structure of the tax system is too complex and complicated at delivering multiple objectives. There are quite a few multiple policy objects that Australian tax-transfer system is trying to achieve in the years to come in order to enhance their social and economic outcomes. Some of the policy objects are as follows: Introducing transformations in personal lives, businesses and commerce with the help of advance technology like communications and electronics. Urban amenity and affordable houses for people. Better understanding between the ecosystems and humans both locally and globally. Reduction in certain tax bases and increase in the cost of health and dependency. Multiple Policy Tax and Transfer System of Australia Generally Australians choices are very independent who likes to make choices about investing in education, how much money to be spend on what goods and services and how much money needs to be saved and to be invested. Now the Australian tax transfer system would have an impact on these choices through many channels. If we see the Federal system of government then we can notice that transfers and taxes are managed by several levels of government. All the State and local government systems are inter-linked and can be considered as one tax-transfer system with multiple components. Individuals interact with the tax transfer systems which reside with the State and local government. For individuals it is still manageable but for company and persons doing business it is a bit difficult. Since a company is doing business across several States and they tend to interact with multiple state tax systems and even many local governments in addition the Australian Government system. This shows that there is so much conflict and confusion between the State, Local and Central Government regarding the tax transfer system All the tax laws are interlinked and so when a company is dealing in transactions with several States then many a times there is a conflict between the laws. In such cases Court needs to intervene and solve the case. (Treasurygovau, 2016) The role of Australian Government is much greater than the State and local government. Many a times they overlap each other since taxes and transfers handled by them differ. But if one can see the tax and transfer laws in Canada, both the Federal Government and States deals with same or similar taxes and transfers. But unfortunately same is not followed in Australia, due to which so many complications and confusions have been created.(Anueduau, 2016) Now we will know how the Australian government handles taxes. Australian Government deals with four elements of the tax transfer system which are Superannuation, personal income tax, taxes on goods and services and transfers. These taxes are mainly dealt by individuals and they also interact with company tax as well. But when it comes on the State side then individuals generally deals with more restricted transfer system and a wide range of indirect and property taxes. If an individual is working in a company then company will also deduct tax if the income is more than the tax limit. Most of the tax which is collected by the government is paid by companies. Companies are also liable to pay fringe benefit tax and superannuation guarantee payments for their employees. Apart from this company also deals with the tax transfer system for their own right like payment of GST tax, payroll tax, and various other taxes which are levied on the company. Hence by this it can be concluded that com panies which are operating in more than one State needs to deal with multiple Australian and State government tax systems.(Victoriaacnz, 2016) Current Australian Tax system is Overburdened As we have seen in the above paragraph the current tax system is very complicated and over-burdened. Taxes and transfers followed by both the Federal Government are not same or similar. The big problem lies is with the Central Government, so many types of taxes are involved that it becomes difficult for the company to do any business over Australia.(Aifsgovau, 2016) If any outside company wants to do any business in Australia then it would get confused with the tax system followed. Instead of doing business in Australia they would rather start a new business in any other country where tax system is much better placed. Australias tax level is relatively lower than most of the OECD countries. The tax level is below than the OECD average and even below than the countries like Canada and New Zealand. Even in the case of transfer system, Australia has a mixed transfer system of private and public support for retirement. Apart from this it also has the system of both voluntary and compulso ry superannuation which are generally funded by employees, employers and also by the persons who are self-employed.(Bettertaxgovau, 2016) If we see the retirement income process of Australia, then it is also a very complicated and a lengthy process. It has a three pillar retirement income system where the first pillar is a tested age pension which is treated as a universal minimum income safety net. While the second pillar includes compulsory contributory scheme which is only based on employee earnings. And lastly the third pillar includes tax advantaged voluntary saving which is generally derived through superannuation funds.(Sagovau, 2016) Future of Australian Tax System to Overcome the Current Tax Systems Shortcomings As we have seen above that the current tax and transfer system is very complex and complicated, it has become necessary to change the entire tax and transfer system of Australia. To have an ideal tax system it needs to have some features which are discussed below:(Taxreview.treasury.gov.au, 2016) Taxes should be broadly based which should have few concessions and exemptions: Complexity generally endangers both compliance and administrative costs. Concessions also encourage rent seeking which should be lobbied for any further carve outs from the base created by the government. If the base itself is very narrow then it would create small and heavily affected constituencies.(Conversation, 2016) Narrow bases also mean that the tax rates are higher than expected and so efficiency costs increase more than proportionately with the rate. But if broad base is there then it definitely minimize these costs. Complexity even breeds complexity since it tends to avoid opportunities prompt anti-avoidance provisions. Direct taxes should be used which is much preferred than the indirect tax system. The reason behind it is that these indirect taxes distorts resource allocation and even harms productivity.(Pc.gov.au, 2016) Even the focus of direct taxes would be on the immobile factors of production. While indirect taxes focus was mainly on the mobile factors that is the reason so many complexities and complications were there. Immobile factors of production are like labour income taxed very heavily, economic rents from land and even capital incomes taxed heavily. At present there is dire need for the Australian government to take charge of the tax and transfer system and rationalise it in such a manner that it is enabled to overcome all the present shortcomings. Some of the factors to be taken into consideration by the Australian government are as follows:-(Taxreview.treasury.gov.au, 2016) There are way too many taxes at present in Australia that is just overburdening the system. The tax-transfer system is beginning to fall apart due to this overburdening of multiple policy goals. Taxes should be narrowed down to four bases- personal income, private consumption, business income and economic rents derived from land other natural resources. (Alrc.gov.au, 2016) Attention is to be paid to the long-term growth of Australia that determines the living standards of its citizens. More practical and neutral taxes are to be introduced, better work incentives to be introduced and introduction of expenditure tax at business level. Personal income tax being the largest source of income for the country it is to be made more simplified, transparent and equitable in nature. All allowances, transfer payments and pensions are to be made free of taxes. The transfer system of Australia is to be work supportive, focused on alleviation of poverty, fair and adequate, and sustainable in nature. There should be good coordination between the tax and transfer systems of Australia. Land tax is to be broad based to make it efficient. Rent-based taxes are more encouraging for the private sector. Rate scale of land taxes are to be based on value per square metre of land. Tax on superannuation needs to be abolished. Accommodation services and care facilities for the aged are to be separated. Transfer taxes on property are to be replaced by annual land tax. Housing is to be made affordable for all the citizens of Australia. The administration and policy making taxation system is to be responsive, understandable and more open to the tax payers. State taxes that are inefficient in nature are to be removed and replaced with cash flow taxes of low rates. Now is the time to bring about changes in the tax and transfer architecture of Australia that is deeply overburdened with all the multiple demands and policy goals. There is dire need to rationalise the tax-transfer system of Australia at present day. (Choicecomau, 2016) Conclusion Hence it can be concluded that the entire tax system of Australian needs to be changed to have a transparency in the tax and transfer system. It should follow the system which is followed in Canada. Both Central and State government taxes should be similar to avoid any complexity. References Aifsgovau.2016.Aifsgovau.[Online].[26 August 2016].Available from: https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/changing_the_australia_taxation_system_towards_a_family_income_guarantee_submission_to_the_exonomic_planning_advisory_council.pdf Alrc.gov.au. (2016). Complexity of the tax transfer system | ALRC. [online] Available at: https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/7-income-tax/complexity-tax-transfer-system [Accessed 26 August 2016]. Anueduau.2016.Anueduau.[Online].[26 August 2016].Available from: https://taxpolicy.crawford.anu.edu.au/files/uploads/taxstudies_crawford_anu_edu_au/2015-05/ttpi_chapter3.pdf Bettertaxgovau.2016.Bettertaxgovau.[Online].[26 August 2016].Available from: https://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/06/Scott_Bernie.pdf Choicecomau.2016.Choicecomau.[Online].[26 August 2016].Available from: https://www.choice.com.au/money/budget/federal-budget/articles/most-australians-worried-about-2015-federal-budget-210415 Pc.gov.au. (2016). Tax and Transfer Incidence in Australia - Productivity Commission. [online] Available at: https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/tax-and-transfer-incidence [Accessed 26 August 2016]. Sagovau.2016.Sagovau.[Online].[26 August 2016].Available from: https://assets.yoursay.sa.gov.au/production/2015/06/18/00_03_49_35_Name_withheld.pdf Taxreview.treasury.gov.au. (2016). Architecture of Australia's tax and transfer system. [online] Available at: https://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/Paper.aspx?doc=html/publications/papers/report/section_2-01.htm [Accessed 26 August 2016]. Taxreview.treasury.gov.au. (2016). Part 1: Overview - Chapter 1: The need for reform - Australia's Future Tax System: Final Report. [online] Available at: https://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/FinalReport.aspx?doc=html/publications/papers/Final_Report_Part_1/chapter_1.htm [Accessed 26 August 2016]. The Conversation. (2016). Ideas for Australia: Five ideas to help fix Australia's tax system. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/ideas-for-australia-five-ideas-to-help-fix-australias-tax-system-56272 [Accessed 26 August 2016]. Treasurygovau.2016.Treasurygovau.[Online].[26 August 2016].Available from: https://www.taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/Paper.aspx?doc=html/publications/papers/report/section_2-01.htm Victoriaacnz.2016.Victoriaacnz.[Online].[26 August 2016].Available from: https://www.victoria.ac.nz/sacl/centres-and-institutes/cagtr/pdf/smith.pdf